Abnormal: Not normal; different from what is considered normal
Biopsy: A tissue sample taken to diagnose disease
Bladder: The organ that stores urine
Bladder cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the bladder. Most bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas (cancer that begins in the inner lining of the bladder)
Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body
Cell: In biology, the smallest unit that can live on its own. It makes up all living organisms and tissues in the body
Chemotherapy: Treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing them or by stopping them from dividing
Complete response: The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the cancer has been cured. Also called complete remission
FGFR (fibroblast growth factor receptor): FGFR helps cells to grow, survive, and multiply; genetic alterations in FGFR are thought to be important in the development of some bladder cancers
Gene: Functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parents to offspring. Genes are pieces or sequences of DNA
Hyperphosphatemia: Having a high level of phosphate in your blood
Immune system: A complex network of cells, tissues, organs, and the substances they make that helps the body fight infections and other diseases
Immunotherapy: A type of therapy that uses the body's immune system to fight cancer
Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion
Intravenous (IV): Usually refers to a way of giving a drug or other substance through a needle or tube inserted into a vein
Kinase inhibitor: A substance that blocks a type of enzyme called a kinase. Human cells have many different kinases, and they help control important functions, such as cell signaling, metabolism, division, and survival. Certain kinases are more active in some types of cancer cells, and blocking them may help keep the cancer cells from growing
Locally advanced: Cancer that has spread from where it started to nearby tissue or lymph nodes
Lymph node: Small, bean-shaped structures that help fight disease. They are located throughout the body
Median: A statistics term; the middle value in a set of measurements
Metastasis: The spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body
Mutate: To change the genetic material of a cell. The changes (mutations) can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect
Objective response rate: The percentage of patients whose measurable tumors disappear (complete response) and decrease in size (partial response) after treatment
Ophthalmologist: A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating eye problems, including injury and disease
Partial response: A decrease in the size of a tumor, or in the extent of cancer in the body, in response to treatment. Also called partial remission
Phosphate: A naturally occurring mineral in the body found in the bones and teeth
Response: In medicine, an improvement related to treatment
Retina: The light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye that receive images and send them as electric signals through the optic nerve to the brain
Tissue sample: A sample of tumor tissue
Tumor: An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Tumors may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer)
Urothelial cancer: Cancer that begins in cells called urothelial cells that line the urethra, bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, and some other organs. Urothelial cells are also called transitional cells
Urothelium: The inner lining of the bladder